Macro environment and The marketing mix used by Sainsbury

Macro Environment:

“The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence organisations decision making and affects its performance and Strategies” is called Macro Environment. Macro Environment can be studied through different analysis, there are several but mainly used are PESTLE analysis and SWOT analysis.
Sainsbury’s Overview:
Sainsbury’s was established by John James and Mary Ann in the year 1869 as a small dairy shop. In very short time the store became popular for selling good and quality products at very low prices, and as a result further store branches followed over time. Also as a result of its popularity and huge market this group floated on the London Stock Exchange in the year 1973.
Sainsbury is the Great Britain based food retailer with business interests in monetary services. The group comprises Sainsbury’s supermarkets, convenience stores, an online based home delivery service and Sainsbury’s Bank whose head-office is in Holborn, London. The manpower is about 151,000. J Sainsbury plc consists of Sainsbury's – 509 supermarkets and 276 stores – and Sainsbury's Bank.
A large Sainsbury's store offers around thirty thousand goods and an increasing number of stores also offer various non-food goods and services. 165 stores also manage an online home delivery service.
Macro Environmental Factors:
PESTEL Analysis:
PESTEL analysis is simple and used widely to understand the big picture of Political, Economical, Social-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. This process is used for future forecast. There are many factors which are affecting the macro environment that will affect the decision making of the managers. Tax changes, new lays, political related trades, barriers, government policy etc...

PESTEL analysis (macro-environment) of Sainsbury’s
The management decision making of any company or organisation depends on many macro environmental factors. These involve Tax changes, new lays, political related trades, barriers, government policy etc... It is necessary to study them in detail so that management can take a better decision in managing future aspects. And to study these in detail PESTEL analysis is used.
Sainsbury’s is a well known organisation which is having a large customer base and large capital base.
PESTEL forces of Sainsbury‘s:
Political forces- European union extensions , Euro Zone, Globalize business, taxation rules and policies
Economic forces- Changing rates of interest, exchange rates, national GDP and Income, inflation, Job market and unemployment, Share Market
Social forces- Population based on age, different view to work, income classification and distributions, Community works.
Technological forces- Invention, modern and new product innovation and improvements , class of technological obsolescence
Legal forces- Law for Competitors, monitoring health and safety, employment based law.
Environmental forces- Global warming, environmental issues, green house effect, animal welfare,

Political forces: Political forces are referred to policies that are related to government such as the degree of intervention in the economic scale. What product and services does the mentioning country want to provide? What extent does it depend in subsidising organizations? Sainsbury’s is forced by these factors.
Economic forces: The economic changes of any government have impact on local business. These include interest rates, taxation charges, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. So business influenced by the economical factors has impact nationally as well as globally. Sainsbury’s is automatically gripped by those forces.
Social forces: (Argenti, 1974) It is very important for any business to understand the values and the culture of the society even before starting the business. Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firm’s products and the availability of individuals to work. This may also includes the tastes, habits, dislikes, customs, traditions, demographics etc… Sainsbury does totally follow these factors. It is operating effective charities, sponsoring games, arranging social activities, raising fund for Animal welfare, and many more.
Technological forces: New technologies create new products and new processes are created by modern technology. (Galbraith, 1967) Technology is “The systematic application of scientific or other organised knowledge to practical tasks”. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. These developments can benefit consumers as well as organisations providing the products. Internet shopping, bar coding and computer proofed designs are all upgrading to the way .Sainsbury’s do to run their business as a result of better technology. Sainsbury’s is now using the self service counter.
Environmental forces: Environmental forces include the changing of weather and climate. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, leisure and tourism and insurance as well. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with better environmental awareness this external forces is becoming an important issue for Sainsbury’s to consider.
Legal forces: Sainsbury’s is in the boundaries of legal forces locally, nationally, globally. These are very close to the legal enforcements in which firms operate. The introduction of discrimination of age and disability discrimination, legislation , Show ID, etc.
SWOT Analysis:
SWOT analysis is done on internal and external environment one of the most important strategic planning process. The environmental factors in the organisation are divided into Internal and External factors. Internal factors are further classified as Strengths or Weakness and the external factors are further classified into Opportunities or Threats. Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis provides all the information that is required to match the organisations capabilities to the competitive environment in which it runs. How SWOT analysis fits into environmental scanning is shown as
SWOT Analysis Framework

Strengths:
Organisations strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing Competitive advantage.
Examples:
• Patents.
• Brand names.
• Good will among customers.
• Cost advantage from proprietary know-how.
• Favourable access to distribution networks.
Weakness:
The absence or lack of certain strengths is viewed as weakness.
Examples:
• Lack of patent protection.
• Weak brand name.
• Poor reputation among customers.
• Lack of access to the best natural resources.
In some cases weakness is also a strength and vice versa of the company. For example if a company has large manufacturing capacity it is considered a strength and also a weakness if the large investment in manufacturing capacity prevents the company from reacting quickly to the changes in strategic environment.
Opportunities:
This relates to the external environmental analysis. This reveals the opportunities for the firm to grow its profits.
Examples:
• Arrival of new technologies.
• Loosening of regulations.
• Removal of international trade barriers and
• An unfulfilled customer need.
Threats:
Not only opportunities a company or organisation also possess some threats that occurs because of external environment.
Example:
• Shifts in consumer tastes away from the firms products.
• Emergence of substitute products.
• New regulations and
• Increased trade barriers.
SWOT Matrix:
To develop strategies that take into account SWOT profile, a matrix is designed with these factors also known as TOWS Matrix
Strengths Weaknesses
Opportunities S-O strategies W-O strategies
Threats S-T strategies W-T strategies

SWOT / TOWS Matrix.
• S-O Strategies This is the best stage where both strengths and opportunities lies. This is good fit to company’s strengths.
• W-O Strategies In this stage it overcome weakness to pursue opportunities.
• S-T Strategies this is used to reduce its threats using firms strengths.
• W-T Strategies this strategy is used for preparing a defensive plan to prevent the firm’s weakness from making it highly susceptible to external strengths.


SWOT Analysis of Sainsbury’s:

Strengths:
• This is a very strong company with huge traders who are interested and trust worthy to the company. Also it had 509 supermarkets and 276 stores, thus became a Established trader.
• To develop in business every company has to depend on customers. It is said that ‘Customer is God’, as a popular and reputed company Sainsbury’s followed the saying and won its customers trust and developed a good customer base.
• Had a huge chain of Supermarkets with 509 supermarkets, 276 stores and a bank.
• Also it had large volumes of stock so it helps in reducing the cost.
Weakness:
• Having huge staff make them pay more.
• Having 509 supermarkets and 276 stores it is having high maintenance cost.
• Because of heavy stocks if product is failed huge stock will be leftover.
Treats:
• As UK is having many supermarkets there is always heavy completion among ASDA, WALMART, TESCO etc...
• Having many discount offers company may lose profits on certain products.
Opportunities:
• Having good volumes it is planning for new activities.
• It is a huge success in United Kingdom and now planning to expand into Eastern Europe.
• Also had large customer base and there is scope for huge employment.
Macro environment and its importance in making future Decision Making:
Macro Environment provides information about the environment which can guide strategic direction and helps in making decision making (Saxby, C.L, et al 2002). A successful strategy should result in “a favourable position in an industry” – “Competitive advantage” (Porter, M.E, 2004). Sustainable competitive advantage is achieved by generating or possessing resources that are inimitable, are valued by customer and can be used effectively (Fahy, J. and Smithee, A, 1999). These classifiable capabilities characterize the organisation from the competition and lead to the ability which can provide a competitive advantage in the market. These distinctive capabilities of the company will provide a competitive advantage in the market. Environmental scanning helps the organisation in providing information about the strengths and weakness of competitors and consumer behaviour and helps in preparing marketing strategies to leverage these resources and apply appropriately.
(Saxby et al, 2002) Saxby highlighted the importance of regular scanning due to the dynamic nature of the modern business environment. This is very important because even very minute differences in the environment such as cultural changes, legislative can be the difference between becoming the market leader and insolvency. It is also very important to notice that the environmental changes on one company will be different to that of other company. A threat for one company can be an opportunity for another, environmental scanning helps in observing these threats or opportunities and act on them.



The marketing mix used by Sainsbury to gain its competitive advantage in its chosen sector -

Sainsbury supermarkets follow the mission of being the customer’s first choice by its service and quality. It delivers and maintains an outstanding quality and good service through the method working simpler, faster and together. The marketing mix generally is based on the four P’s which generally known as price, place, product and promotion.
The Marketing Mix -
In terms of customer service, loyalty and detected price competitiveness, the city criticized Sainsbury’s for allowing Tesco in getting a head in the market in early 1996. Sainsbury’s was also criminated for not promoting itself up to its standards and also running the same type of initiatives which was running by Tesco. So the Sainsbury has failed to promote its products and services. Hence it improved a mission and adjusted in a fast growing market. In the process to reconstruct its mission, company has changed its marketing strategy and sold successfully the home based products in the chain of UK market and its business in Egypt. This changes the company to focus on food retailing and related activities. To gain the competitive advantage in its chosen sector the following marketing mix has been used. (Product, promotion, price and place)

Product –
In February 1999 Sainsbury has announced its new corporate identity in order to become the UKs first choice for food to the consumers. In 1999 the company has come up with a new word which states the taste and life of the people “Making Life Taste Better”. This word indicates more than a campaign; it brings the real change at Sainsbury’s. The company mainly focused on its quality of food and developing the new products which is healthier to the customers. They not only maintain the quality in company’s fresh foods but they provide different verities of Breads, fruits, ready meals and reduced fat milk. Sainsbury launched Taste the deference range in the year 2000. This is the biggest food brand launch in the UK history. It has more than 350 variety range of foods which was grown or produced by taking extra time to protect its natural taste and flavor of the product. At the beginning of January 2001 Sainsbury super markets has announced the biodegradable packaging made from potatoes. At all the stores of Sainsbury the labeled fruits were sold in organic trays. Right now the Sainsbury has developed more than 600 organic lines which has developed to the range of best sellers of foods and produce the categories and a major growth in groceries, bakery, frozen foods etc. The super markets has launched a product in 2001 Blue carrot Calf- which is known for the clear labeling of children products which mentions the clear details of the items. The Sainsbury super markets come out with a new program every year and continuously concentrate on development of its products. A team who are experts in food industry provides the company with a special control of the product quality.

Price –
The term Price is a raw component of the marketing mix for Sainsbury’s. These days Sainsbury is offering, outstanding value for money to the customers in UK. The aim of the company is to lead the quality and should stand as the top in terms for the customers all through the market. In other terms it is keen on maintaining the leadership and develops the market share. The key term for price is value for money and the mission mentions the competitive cost. In grocery market could compete on price or service which are mutually same. Due to the poor performance of profits by Sainsbury in 1996, the share price has consequently fallen down and which moved to a low price platform. If we go through the other side the thing is that consumers may become smarter. If the price has been reduced it is not easy to get back to the previous level without disaffecting the customers. This is not good for the business. Hence the price cutting will affect the store, that it is used for the short term price gain where as its long term effect would gain less positive. Sainsbury realized its price war in the market and implemented a new strategy “value for money”. It invests a lot in developing the quality and productivity what it delivers and the effectiveness of its activity in order to reduce the overall cost. Here it has a purpose of implementing the strategy for gaining the trust and value from the costumers and maintain its leadership.

Promotion –
Sainsbury always takes the advantage of its promotion to build up its strong brand and image among the customers. The group mainly concentrates on its own brand rather than the other brands which they sell in the stores to create the greater wealth can be created by its overall retail brand. Sainsbury uses the media for its promotion where as TV, radio and advertising in cinemas to develop the corporate image. Sales promotions, merchandising and packing are also the key essentials for the promotion of the Sainsbury. In the part of its promotion Sainsbury has launched “Nectar Card” which can be said as a main weapon for its promotion. This card can be taken by its customers at free of cost and they can get discount points by using it in the store at the time of shopping. The customers are keen to use this card and many of the other retailers are using the same type of promotion by issuing the cards to give away the free points for their money, where as these points can be used as a automatic discounts or 50% of their bill or other third party vouchers. This was issued in 1996 and today Sainsbury is having more customers who use the card and the same card can be used for other type of payments to earn points. To promote the image of the super market, Sainsbury uses to operate the responsibilities to the communities and environment. The store staff uses the named T-shirts of the supermarket in an attractive design to defer as a worker to serve the people at all the time.



Place –
Place is one of the terms of the marketing mix and this term is also important for a business. We already know that Sainsbury is the business organization which prefers to be the first choice for its customers by providing value added service in quality and by doing the work easy fast and simpler. As per the Sainsbury portfolio it is having 872 stores across the UK where as 335 convenience and 837 super markets. Different formats of stores have been developed across the country according to the needs and satisfaction of the customers and area. To satisfy the needs and satisfaction of the customers some stores have been opened 24 hours a day and some works more time on Fridays. The organization is creating a large chain of retail stores in deferent locations which it is aiming to create a world class distribution of groceries and work more effectively. The Sainsbury is maintaining a healthy sector of information online to its customers where we can find a large number of varieties online. Customers can order online or by phone where they can track the order by sitting in home. It is maintaining a large sector of online marketing and good communication with the customers.

Conclusion-
Here we can see that Sainsbury always use the market mix to develop and implement its strategies by using the market mix. It satisfies the customers by improving the strategies which meet the needs of the customer. It always research on the market to know the interest of a customer who is able to buy its products. It continues to implement the market segmentation to develop its business strategies which shows the development of a business. Sainsbury use the market segmentation to display large variety of products and sell to deferent groups and to achieve large amount of sales overall. It offers a large number of products in a convenient location and opens the store for long hours. It also encourages the customers by easy cash options through debit card and credit card. It also offers the cash back facility to the customers on their purchases.






References:
• Aguilar, F. (1967). Scanning the business environment. New York: Macmillan.
• The New York Times, 229 W. 43rd St., New York, NY 10036. Phone: 800/631-2500.
• The Wall Street Journal, 200 Liberty St., New York, NY 10281. Phone: 800/841-8000, ext. 472.
• Saxby, C.L., Parker, K.R., Nitse, P.S., Dishman, P.L. 2002. Environmental scanning and organizational culture. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. Volume 20. Issue 1. pp 28-34
• Dibb et al, 2001, Marketing concepts and strategies, Houghton Mifflin, USA Fahy, J. and Smithee, A. 1999. Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review. Volume 1999. Issue 10.
• Fahey, L, & Narayanan, V.K (1986). Macro environmental analysis for strategic management. St. Paul, MN: West.
• Kotler, Philip, Keller, Lane (2005) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, ISBN 0131457578.
• J. Scott Armstrong (1982). "The Value of Formal Planning for Strategic Decisions". Strategic Management Journal 3. doi:10.1002/smj.4250030303.
• Kotler, P. (2000), Marketing Management, 3rd edition (The Millenium Edition), New Jersey: Prentice Hall
• Doole Isobel and Lowe Robin(2008). “ International Marketing Strategy” 5th Edition, Cengage Learning EMEA, ISBN: 9 781844807635
• Kotler Philip, Parker Philip M, Grayson Kent and Ambler Tim (1999),“Financial Times Mastering Marketing Compete MBA Companion in Marketing” In association with INSEAD, Kellogg, London Business School, The Wharton School, (Great Britain), Prentice Hall, ISBN : 9 780273642220
• Lancaster, Geoff./ Massingham, Lester./ Ashford, Ruth (2002), “Essentials of Marketing“ , (Forth Edition), Great Britain, McGraw- Hill Education, ISBN: 9 780077098605
• Barlon, Kimuli. (2006) "The concept of the marketing mix" Presentation on marketing management, vol 1, September, 2006, pp 2–7-Turku university -Finland
• Armstrong. M. (2006). “A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice” (10th ed.). London: Kogan Page. ISBN 0-7494-4631-5.

• http://www.docshare.com/doc/128799/Marketing-Mix-of-Sainsburys

• http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=189

TRANSPORT FOR LONDON- REAL TIME TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

Background of the organization –
(TFL) Transport for London is a large organization formed with board of directors in the year 2003. This organization is mainly formed with an objective of “getting London moving” by keeping time to time operations on the roads of London. It has a perfect operation of the traffic on the roads and a perfect plan for the passengers and people for their time being to reach their destinations. It is having a vision to manage the network regarding the road works and providing the clear information to the public regarding the transport, traffic in every area. Transport for London will work with a strategy of its own to provide the information with clear signs on the roads for the people that they should not suffer due to problems with traffic; it will keep with the best of its information to manage the traffic at every single junction. DTM is an organization with number of initiatives on its events and programs to share on the network, which will take place every time that will be explained below. To control the signals, engineering works, traffic managers, bus operators and to control the traffic system overall LTCC London Traffic Control Center was established. It was established in the year 2003 January, and operates twenty four hour system to control and manage the road network to maintain the congestion charge throughout London. It is a central organization to control the traffic system.
It has four main stages in operating the traffic system and communication –
1. It collects lot of information from all the sources. All the collected data was entered and area monitoring staff will be alerted. At the time of any events or programs related measures will be planned perfectly by collecting the data
2. All the traffic flow will be monitored by the CCTV cameras and related action will be taken in the mean time. A map display shows the performance by the network and necessary charges can be taken immediately and early warnings can be given to avoid the congestion of the traffic.
3. Where the observance is required in particular areas the traffic control police will arrange the traffic wardens, police officers to control the traffic and crowded areas.
4. The information about the changes in the traffic services will be updated by the traffic update desk. This provide information to the public, organizations and to media through London traffic information systems (LTIS)
Traffic information system-
The Traffic Information System is a matter of planning a journey in a perfect manner. A person or a traveler to a particular place in a particular time can get the related information from a website. It contains about the time table, area to area distance, buss, train, tram, cycle etc, such details will be provided in one place. The traffic information system is developed for the safety and comfortable to the passenger for his planning of journey. A passenger requires information about conditions of traffic in that particular route, departure and arrivals, timings of busses with the route, status of rail. It allows the passenger or traveler finding of the important information about the planned journey from the employers or team members. By providing such type of information to the costumers there are so many benefits like reducing the costs by using the self hardware. The information will be up to date to its customers all the time. It promotes the use of the information systems to the costumers. By planning the traffic control according to the events and time being will save the people with the clear view in the journey without any miss understandings in their journeys. Every person will see the related information for their journey in the websight and then only they will start when they satisfy themselves.

The London traffic information system and Incident and Event control system:
The London information system collects the data from the vast information sources to provide an immediate view to the control room staff regarding every incident and about the progress of traffic control and key sources. The main work for London traffic information systems consist: of information about the busses, traffic police service and the service operated itself. It will also track the information about the development schemes, review about the signal timing, longer term changes, equipment for developing and moderation of traffic development plans.
The LTIS will provide the information through the internet site regarding the planned closure between the areas and its operations of traffic at the time of events in the detailed manner by the help of transportation timings and map. At any time the information can be reached by the mobile devices like sending messages to provide the customers regarding the updates of the services. LTIS is the easiest provider to make use of the real time service by providing the valid information through the website (Tfl.gov.uk). The traffic information and the links to the planned journey with showing the timings and routes will be provided in one place with lot of options in the same website. The related journeys to a particular place will be shown at the time of planned closures in different routes and makes the journey easier. This will increase the greater access to the website when the events and incidents affecting the London transport network. The COMET system provides the real time traffic monitoring information of traffic system and its performance in central London, to take the immediate action on the incidents which will be affected by the congestions in the areas. This help to take an immediate action before happening by such an up to time information.
The traffic monitoring information will be collected by COMET and will be provided through the map based system. The information regarding the traffic updates will be updated for every five minutes and also the train timings, the journey planners will be updated. It is currently providing the information for central London and north, south road ways in the UK. The journey timing system is calculated by recording the number plates of the vehicles while they were travelling to some distance in particular time and this information regarding the time for the journey planner will be updated for every ten minutes.
It calculates the day to day timings, traffic, so these values will be calculated on daily basis and depends upon the conditions at that time.
Functional management information systems-
The function of information regarding the traffic in which will change according to the situation and timing in the day to day life. Marketing managerial information systems is related to the marketing and sale of an item related to the area. It is the function of beginning which was started to receive the related information in time. The functions can be varied in to different types like size and type of a organization. The success of the business is related with how the information is provided to run an organization and how it is going through the customers in an easy and fastest way. For a particular product the description should be deferent. The function of a product should be mentioned clearly that can be understandable easily like setting up a direct recharge of the oysters, Purchasing a travel card online, booking the tickets for coaches, funfairs, discounts, rail cards etc . Such services can be useful for the customers and this sought of information is important. The costumer should now the information and should show interest when searching for the information for the travelling plan. This will save a lot of time and make them happy for the savings offered by the company. So the functional management information system is very important for an organization for maintaining the development of business plans and implementing them in a easy way with profits is very much important. The function of the organization is key source of getting income by providing the information to its customers in the perfect manner.

Recommendations-
As taking the London is the busiest and costliest city in the world, we can make some considerations to the current traffic situation. We can find the information related to the timings and routes to the destination but there is a need of more information on the site about the fares and travel tickets. Some streets in the city are very busy, like oxford circus, Tote ham court Road, there will be more pedestrians and traffic rush is also too much. The width and length of the road is small, so the cars, bikes and buses have to maintain limited speed by crossing the number of signals, this will take so much time to reach the destination point, weather it shows the less time in the related website that it will take a few minutes. So this should be taken in to consideration. There should be need of more relevant information regarding the planned engineering works is taking place every weekend. Some campaigns is required regarding this information and it will be better to provide the information for the hole month where these works are going to take place, then people can choose other way of transport. The diversions should be kept and this information should be updated in mean time so the travelers can go fast to their destination by choosing these routes, then this will reduce the traffic on the roads and lot of time can be saved. Measures should be taken at the match times because at the time of football or some other sport events the rush of the people will be more so the roads are getting blocked, so for the day or for the time of match the traffic should be diverted to some other route and must be informed in the site then there will be no messing up on the streets.


Conclusion-
Traffic information system is very important information for everyone. Traffic is the main thing that has to be monitored regularly. It is a part of the life for the busy Londoners in their daily life. With the implementation of traffic information system this became very easy as information is updated and monitored. People are aware of information about the traffic and travel information through the website which provides information regarding the routes and journey planners to all the people in London. This became a main source to all people regarding routes about the destination and time of travel to particular routes. This organization maintains the records of controlling and monitoring traffic throughout the London by collecting the data from all the sources. It has the team which works continuously on providing the information to the people. This sight became the main source for all the people. Traffic police also plays an important role in monitoring the traffic in many congestion times. Measures have taken to provide the correct information which has been useful to the people. Without the information from the sight transport for London there will be no availability of information, so this plays a major role in traffic controlling and information providing to the people. Measures have been stated that are still required from my opinion. The planning and gathering the information is exactly correct in the view of the customer and measures for the road transport works for the future basis is also taking place. All the developments are taking place for the 2010 Olympics which are going to be held in London. As the costliest means of transport it is providing the fastest way of traveling facilities to the people. Hence Transport for London is the topmost provider of information throughout the London and providing lot of information to the people regarding the travel and traffic information by updating regularly. It is playing the major role in the life of the people over all.










References-
1. http://www.etcproceedings.org/paper/transport-for-london-real-time-traffic-management-operations , p.Davies Transport for London UK
2. http://www.aeablogs.org/eakd/files/Zachman_s_Original_1987_Paper.pdf
By J.A. Zachman
3. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/

AJAY KUMAR KATAMANENI

http://www.etcproceedings.org/paper/transport-for-london-real-time-traffic-management-operations

public administration

LONDON COLLEGE OF BUSINESS

MBA – Public Administration

Human Rights and Amnesty International

Ajay Kumar Katamaneni

Group – D, MBA

University student Number: 0911867093071

Introduction:

“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”

-Article 1, United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

International Human Rights Law –

It is said that human rights law has been formed after World War II and the foundation of United Nations. This is formed in order to achieve the cooperation among the International problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian characters and in developing the respect for human rights which leads to the fundamental freedoms for all without related to race, gender, religion or language.

The rights that are given by the United Nations are used in the International Bill of Human Rights which are involving Universal Declaration Human Rights, the International covenant on civil and Political rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has involved thirty articles for the benefit and dignity for all the human beings. They are not supposed to ignore. These articles are given below.

Human Right Violations around the World:

1. Forced out for ‘development’ (Combodia):

This is happened in Combodia, Phnom Penh’s Boeung Kak area. Government has planned a development program which involves in filling up the lake. This has affected the people who are living there. They were displaced and have no place to move on. A person from this place has brought this to Amnesty International. He said that there were about 20,000 people affected due to this. He also said that there is no information given to the people about this development. Six months passed and this lead to the protesting amidst intimidation and lack of information.

Most of the people affected are poor, living on the lake shore. Communities affected are having a fear t they will be moved out from Phnom Penh to an area which war already occupied by other who are resettled already and also lacks in all the basic amenities. Because of which new slums are formed outside the city.

Published by -Amnesty International USA, 2008

2. Lives in ruins forced eviction of people living in poverty:(Angola)

From the past seven years almost ten thousand families are forced to vacate their lands in Luanda, Angola without proper notification, re habitation and proper information. People are forced to leave their lands in order to build new duplex buildings in the municipal area. Their houses are collapsed

A recent interview of Amnesty International with a local family was shocked in hearing this statement. The family complained that, while they were sleeping in the house along with their two children, the house was collapsed with heavy missionary at the midnight without any notice. Their two children were died in this incident. This all made under the private security and police force. Two journalists went to complaint on this incident to the local police, instead of taking any action on the incident, the police harassed, abused the two persons mentally and physically and released them without charge.

Published by -Amnesty International USA, 2008

3. Slavery in the modern world:

The violation of human rights in the modern world is slavery which is continuing from the history and still located in Niger, Western Africa (south east of Algeria). According to Human Rights organization of Timidria still there is 870,000 people who are treating as slaves in Niger. These people are harassed and tortured mentally, physically. They are abused and forced sexually because their children should also grow in the slavery. These people led life under their masters.

The people under their masters say that – we maintain a relationship of man and animal.

-BBC WORLD SERVICE, SLAVERY TODAY, 2004

4. Sri Lanka :Raises fears of torture and disappearances:

The LTTE suspects in Sri Lanka are brutally harassed for disappearance of the group members. Due to this reason the family members are held captive by the military forced and interrogated for months which was against the Human Rights. It is immoral to imprison someone else for others responsibility. Almost eleven thousand family members and relatives of defeated LTTE group are held in the prison camp.

The Sri Lankan government has even denied the people about their accuse and the arrest. Small children are also arrested and held in these camps. These camps are named as rehabilitation centers. These members are not allowed to access a lawyer or court. The government has violated the right to protect the public and this is against the Human Right law.

-Human Rights watch-news, New York, 2010

5. Godhra Incident:

This was happened in India 27^th November 2002. Godhra, a city in Gujarat, Muslim crowed struck a train which was occupied by some of the Hindu activists, fired two cars and also involved in killing 27 people. This rose to a great controversy. Later after 4 days, this lead to a revenge activity in which 2000 Muslims were killed, also their mosques and houses are destroyed.

Investigation reports has stated or reveled that these attacks were preplanned with the help and mutual understanding of political and local authorities.

This is the Violation of Human Rights article 18 that states

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

Amnesty International-

Amnesty international is an organization who is working for the Human rights of the people. They work for the people to stop the abuse on human rights. They are having the organizations worldwide according to the country and the territories with more than 2.2 million of members and participants. It was started first in London, United Kingdom with a small office and small library with some volunteers. The first research trip was undertaken in 1962 by traveling to Ghana, Portugal and their journey to East Germany. They are working for many several years and held many conferences for the protection and relief of human rights. It announces the work which was done by their network every year. It provides the information of human rights importance and usage of rights in related concept.

It functions for the people who are in trouble and undertake research on the abuse of human rights worldwide. It campaigns globally and locally to make a difference on a situation or a problem which was raised anywhere in the world.

1. This works on the problems like preventing the harassments on women.

2. Fight for the rights of the people who struck in poverty.

3. Elimination of death sentence.

4. Protects the rights of migrants and refugees

5. Opposing of terrorist activities and prevention of damages

6. Working on the complaints made by the people and helping them through the organization.

Free from external control and constraint-

Amnesty International won’t support any government or political, religious groups in any country or place.

It is having supporters and followers worldwide and receives the funds and donations for its financial support.

Success stories about release of prisoners- examples-

1. Political prisoner –

6,313 prisoners across Burma ruling Junta were released after international pressure. It is said that United Nations for Human Rights visited six days in order to bring this pressure.

However Assistant Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) Thailand argued that only six thousand prisoners were released among which twenty three political prisoners and a few monks of the organization exist. Burma first said it is false statement, later international pressure accepted and confirmed the release of prisoners based on their conduct as a second chance for their life.

-Solomon, “Junta released prisoners to ease off mounting pressure: critics”, www.mizzima.com, 2009 press release.

2. Phunstog Nydiron –

On October 14, 1989 a Buddhist nun was arrested due to her protests in Tibet. She was arrested and beaten and harassed severely at the time of arrest and her age was twenty years. On 26^th of February 2004 she was freed before the completion of 16 years imprisonment. Her release marked as a major victory while the time of fourteen nuns was released at a time. After two years of her release she arrived in USA and released to the international campaign for Tibet.

This happened due to the international pressure for political prisoners. This is one of the successful stories of the prisoners who were released and many of the persons worldwide are facing problems like this.

- International campaign for Tibet press release, 2009

3. Lori Berenson-

An American activist was arrested in Peru. She was taken in to the custody of military forces and submitted in the court. She was arrested on the case that she was a member of a terrorist group which was named as Movimiento Revolucionorio Tupco Amaru (MRTA). She was sentenced to her life in this issue. She faced severe health problems due to freezing temperatures, insufficient food and many other problems.

Due to the international pressure she was re-submitted in the civilian court and was released because of no evidence in the case, but the activists she was done previously lead to the terrorist activities and tensed to jail for 20 years. Later she was produced again in front of the American Human Rights and again proceeds to the civil court of human rights and provided the judgment for better facilities in the jail. Now she was in better position compared to previous term in the jail.

-Humanrightsblog.org, political prisoners Archives, 2006

Human Rights violation in developing countries-

Yes, I feel that there is more violation of human rights in developing countries, because there is a lack of education, poverty, high religious deference’s among the people, improper implementation of rules and regulations related to the human rights. In developing countries we can observe that a rich person is becoming rich and poor becomes poorer. Due to this reason poverty is growing rapidly in these countries. People often fight for their religion and cast feelings, they won’t step back for killing the other human beings. We can observe many incidents like this happening regularly in countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Afghanistan and India. People over believe the religion and problems which they are facing problems like unemployment, they are converting as suicide bombers by joining the terrorist groups. We can explain many reasons as we can for these cases below.

Reasons –

1 – In the developing countries they are having many religions, casts and races, but in the developed countries there are hardly some religions which are having reorganization up to their standards and using their right to change their religion at their own interest. Where as in the developing countries people can’t change as their own because they afraid about the problems in the life after taking the decision of changing. There is some political parties also which maintain their political power in the belief of god and particular religion.

2- Another deference we can say that poverty and child labor which is growing rapidly due to lack of process of rules and regulations strictly by the government. Many social welfare organizations are working on this but still we can find such problems. In the case of developed countries the process of implementation for children is done in a strict and perfect manner by providing the freedom in every part of their life. We can’t find people living below poverty line, because government provides all the required needs like home and money for basic needs.

3- The death rates and birth rates are high in developing countries, we can observe countries like India, China are the top in the world in population rate. This happens due to providing the medical facilities in time. There are so many cases in death of people with diseases like polio, typhoid. Majorly children are suffering in these cases and are facing death at the time of birth only. Prevention and cure are not providing for all the people in the country in these days also. Developed country like UK provides the medical facility to all the people by situating National Health Service (NHS) which provides treatment to all. Here we can see the right to live for all.

4-Africa is a continent which is facing a major problem that is slavery and racism. Many social welfare associations and organizations are working from the past several years in that country. There are several times below the poverty line while compared to the developed country like UK. They can’t use any human right because of this slavery, racism, education and medical facilities. It is also known as the “Dark Continent in the world”, this word can explain us the poverty of the country this day. People around the world helps the African people by providing their used clothes and by donating funds to feed their basic needs. We can say this continent is undeveloped continent and many steps are required to develop this continent.

5- Some people in India and Pakistan are forcibly dragging in to the terrorist groups. People who are against the government which is not providing the employment for their education are converting as anti social elements and creating big problems for the citizens in the country. This leads to death of many human beings and loss for the development in the country. This problem is increasing day by day and becoming a big problem to all the citizens and for their human rights. This cannot be seen in UK as the preventions and rules are strict.

5 aspects of poverty and Human Rights-

1- Insufficient food

2- Housing

3- Clothing

4- Medical care

5- Education

The above five aspects has seen in developing countries like India. People in rural India are facing the problems and are considered below the poverty line. They are not aware of the human rights and its benefits. According to the N C Saxena a government survey was held in 2006 by the Indian government. This committee states that 50% of the Indian population is still below the poverty line which has to be 28.5% according to the planning commission. India is a country still with large number of poor people in a single country. The large percent of poverty in the country leads to the unemployment and insufficient food.

-Azadindia publications, Ms Yuman Hussain, 2010

5 Terrorism and security Aspects of Human Rights-

1. Fear and Anxiety

2. Cultural Differences

3. Political

4. Economic

5. Religious

The terrorists believe they have no option in their life and start killing the other people in the society. They will start terror attacks and creates disturbances for the life of the humans. The above points are the reason for the strong belief of the personalities who is converting in to antisocial elements. The recent attack of terrorist’s in Bombay; Hyderabad created a big uncertainty throughout the country. Also the terrorist activity in airplane hijacking and collapsing the USA World trade center twin towers created a big shock throughout the world. Many people are died in this activity. This also created so much of property loss and very huge disturbances in the life of many human beings. This can be said as a cruel activity.

The only method I can imagine to eradicate terrorisms that the members of terrorist group should believe themselves there is no use of creating disturbance and increasing violence causes loss for themselves and their religion is well. They should believe, not violate the human rights and think as a human being. The security aspects can be under taken by the governments of the mostly effected countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and many other should maintain the aspects against the terrorism like human security, civil security; role of military, special forces should play a key role in the peace of a country.

Conclusion:

Organizations like Amnesty International are working for the protection of every human being globally. By the Amnesty international every one can appeal regarding their problems related to human rights. And their work is to protect people where ever fairness, justice, truth and freedom are denied. They are also concentrating their complaining in 13 world regions and the key countries concentrated are Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Israel and Turkey.

Hence the Human Rights are most important for the protection of a human being. They saved many lives by protecting themselves by their work worldwide.

References:

1. http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGNAU200810066096&lang=e

2. www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/01/29/sri-lanka-end-indefinite-detention-tamil-tiger-suspects

3. http://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amnesty-international

4. http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/1758-junta-released-prisoners-to-ease-off-mounting-pressure-critics.html

5. Solomon, “Junta released prisoners to ease off mounting pressure: critics”, www.mizzima.com, 2009 press release.

6. http://www.savetibet.org/action-center/political-prisoners-ict-successes

7. http://www.humanrightsblog.org/political_prisoners/

8. http://www.azadindia.org/social-issues/poverty-in-india.html

TurnitinUK Originality Report

public administration by Ajay Kumar Katamaneni

From HumanRights and Amnesty (Public Administration January2010 batch)

• Processed on 23-03-10 12:44 AM GMT
• ID: 6050483
• Word Count: 2759

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